1857 births

Hermann Seeger (15 October 1857 – 23 February 1945) was a German genre and landscape painter. Seeger was also known as a talented engraver.

Auguste Serrurier (25 March 1857 in Denain — 21 March 1921 in Denain) was a French competitor in the sport of archery. Serrurier competed in two events, taking second place in both the Sur la Perche à la Herse and the Sur la Perche à la Pyramide competitions. He is now considered by the International Olympic Committee to have won two silver medals[1]. No scores are known from those competitions, though it is known that Serrurier tied with Emile Druart for second in the à la Herse event, and both are silver medallists.

Charles Frédéric Petit (6 May 1857 – 19 February 1947) was a French competitor in the sport of archery. Petit competed in two events and won third prize in each. He is now considered by the International Olympic Committee to have won two bronze medals[1]. Both of Petit's events were the shorter 33 metre competitions, in both the Au Chapelet and Au Cordon Doré style.

Georges Albert Édouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette (French: [ʒɔʁʒ albɛʁ edwaʁ bʁytys ʒil də la tuʁɛt]; 30 October 1857 – 22 May 1904) was a French neurologist and the namesake of Tourette syndrome, a neurological condition characterized by tics. His main contributions in medicine were in the fields of hypnotism and hysteria.

Théodore-Marin Tuffier, known as Théodore Tuffier (26 March 1857 – 27 October 1929) was a French surgeon. He was a pioneer of pulmonary and cardiovascular surgery and of spinal anaesthesia.

Friedrich Wilhelm Schallmayer (February 10, 1857 – October 4, 1919) was Germany's first advocate of eugenics who, along with Alfred Ploetz, founded the German eugenics movement. Schallmayer made a lasting impact on the eugenics movement.

Cornelis Adriaan Lobry van Troostenburg de Bruyn (1 January 1857 – 23 July 1904) was a chemist from the Netherlands.

Maurice Leblanc (1857 – 1923) was a French engineer and industrialist.
Born in Paris, Leblanc worked primarily in improving induction motors and alternators, where he invented the damper winding. He also invented an improved vacuum pump and worked in the area of refrigeration.
The December 1, 1880 French publication "La Lumière électrique", published an article by Leblanc entitled "Etude sur la transmission électrique des impressions lumineuses". In this article Leblanc outlined five functions required for a television system.

a transducer to convert light into electricity
a scanner to break up a picture into its constituent parts
a method of synchronising the receiver and the transmitter
a means of converting electrical signals back into light
a screen for viewing the imageLeblanc was awarded the Prix Poncelet for 1913 by the French Academy of Sciences.

Pierre-Félix Lagrange (22 January 1857 – 22 April 1928) was a French ophthalmologist.

Marcel Eugène Émile Gley (French: [glɛ]; 18 January 1857 – 24 October 1930) was a French physiologist and endocrinologist born in Épinal, Vosges.
He studied physiology with Henri-Étienne Beaunis at the medical school in Nancy, and afterwards worked as an assistant to Étienne-Jules Marey (1830–1904) in Paris. Later on, he received the title of professeur agrégé, and in 1908 became a professor at the Collège de France. He was a member of the Académie de Médecine and secretary general of the Société de Biologie. He was a colleague to Charles Richet (1850–1935), and with Richet, published the Journal de physiologie et de pathologie générale. With Belgian pharmacologist Jean-François Heymans, he founded the journal Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Thérapie (1895).In 1891 Gley was the first to discover the importance of the parathyroid glands, which are four (or more) small endocrine glands lying close or embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. These glands had been recently discovered as an anatomical entity in 1880, however their importance was not understood at the time. Gley realized that the cause of tetany after thyroid operations was the inadvertent destruction of the parathyroid glands. He demonstrated this by removing the parathyroid glands from laboratory animals and witnessing their deaths from tetany. Because of his discovery, parathyroid glands have sometimes been referred to as "Gley's glands".
In his studies of the thyroid, he discovered that there was much more iodine in thyroid tissue than in the parathyroid, and noticed that when the thyroid is removed, a disturbance of iodine metabolism occurs.