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Léon Jean Marie (or Jean-Marie Léon) Dufour (10 April 1780, Saint-Sever – 18 April 1865) was a French medical doctor and naturalist.
Between 1799 and 1806 he studied medicine in Paris then returned to Saint-Sever in the Landes. He participated as an army doctor in the Peninsular War and returned to his birthplace at the end of the war. In 1854, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Dufour’s gland, an abdominal gland found in the females of nearly all members of the suborder Apocrita, is named after him.During his life he published 232 articles on arthropods (twenty on spiders) and was the author of Recherches anatomiques sur les Carabiques et sur plusieurs autres Coléoptères (1824–1826, Paris).
He was honoured in 1810, in the naming of Dufourea, which is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the subfamily Xanthorioideae of the family Teloschistaceae.